NORTH DAKOTA LAND VALUATION MODEL

The North Dakota Land Valuation Model was created by the North Dakota Legislature in the early 1980s. This model is used to estimate the value of agricultural land based on productivity for purposes of real estate tax assessment. Prior to this change, agricultural real estate was assessed based on market values. This model is used to estimate the average value per acre of cropland and non-cropland, by county, based on the value of crops and livestock produced on these lands. An average value per acre for all agricultural land in each county is calculated by weighting the value of cropland and non-cropland. This paper describes how the model is constructed, how values are calculated, and what factors impact changes in land values.Land valuation, real estate assessment, agricultural land, capitalization rate, Land Economics/Use,

NORTH DAKOTA LAND VALUATION MODEL

North Dakota agricultural land is valued for property tax purposes as the capitalized value of the landowner's share of gross revenue. This paper describes the data sources, assumptions, and current issues relative to operating the model. Note: Machine readable file does not include the 4 appendix pages-- contact authors for more information.agricultural land, cropland, tax, assessed value, valuation, capitalization, land value Note, Land Economics/Use,

SCALE-UP OF THE MILENA GASIFICATION PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIO-SNG

The production of Substitute Natural Gas from biomass (Bio-SNG) is an attractive option to reduce CO2 emissions and replace declining fossil natural gas reserves. The Energy research Center of the Netherlands (ECN) is working on the development of a technology to convert a wide range of fuels into Bio-SNG. The ECN Bio-SNG technology is based on indirect gasification of biomass. The MILENA indirect gasifier is developed to produce a gas, which can be upgraded into SNG with a high efficiency. Because of the indirect heating of the gasification process no oxygen is required. Char and tar are removed form the producer gas and are used as fuel to produce the required heat for the gasification process. The OLGA tar removal technology is used to remove tar and dust from the gas. After gas cleaning the gas is catalytically converted into a mixture of CH4, CO2 and H2O. After compression and removal of CO2 and H2O, the remaining methane can be used as Bio-SNG. ECN produced the first Bio-SNG in 2004, using a conventional fluidized bed gasifier. The lab-scale MILENA gasifier was built in 2004. The installation is capable of producing approximately 8 mn3/h methane-rich medium calorific gas with high efficiency. The lab-scale installation has been in operation for more than 1000 hours now and is working fine. Several biomass fuels were tested. Woody biomass appears to be the most suited fuel. The lab-scale gasifier is coupled to lab-scale gas cleaning installations (including OLGA) and a methanation unit. The integrated system was tested several times. ECN has recently finished the construction of an 800 kWth pilot-scale gasifier which was taken into operation in the summer of 2008. First results, using wood as a fuel, show that the gas composition is similar to gas from the lab-scale installation. The pilot scale gasifier will be coupled to the existing pilot scale OLGA gas cleaning unit. ECN aims to demonstrate a 10 MWth SNG production plant, based on the ECN MILENA and OLGA technology in the near future. The scale foreseen for a commercial single-train Bio-SNG production facility is between 50 and 500 MWth. The expected net overall efficiency from wood to Bio-SNG is 70%. Visit www.BioSNG.com, www.Olgatechnology.com or www.Milenatechnology.com for more information. During the conference an overview will be given of the latest results from the lab-scale methanation experiments, the first results from the 800 kWth MILENA pilot plant and the plans for the near future

Захисні лісові насадження – важливий структурний елемент у формуванні національної екологічної мережі

Описано роль і значення захисних лісових насаджень як важливого структурного елементу при формуванні національної екологічної мережі.Описана роль и значение защитных лесных насаждений как важного структурного элемента при формировании национальной экологической сети.Role and meaning of forest protective stands as an important structural element for national ecological network formation is described

Cloning characterisation and expression of a G-protein-couple receptor from Lymnaea stagnalis and identification of a leucokinin-like peptide PSFHSWSamide as its endogenous ligand

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Andreev reflection at QGP/CFL interface

In this letter we address the question of the phenomena of Andreev reflection between the cold quark-gluon plasma phase and CFL color superconductor. We show that there are two different types of reflections connected to the structure of the CFL phase. We also calculate the probability current at the interface and we show that it vanishes for energy of scattering quarks below the superconducting gap.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure. Minor changes in the "Conclusions

High-Frequency network activity, global increase in Neuronal Activity, and Synchrony Expansion Precede Epileptic Seizures In Vitro

How seizures start is a major question in epilepsy research. Preictal EEG changes occur in both human patients and animal models, but their underlying mechanisms and relationship with seizure initiation remain unknown. Here we demonstrate the existence, in the hippocampal CA1 region, of a preictal state characterized by the progressive and global increase in neuronal activity associated with a widespread buildup of low-amplitude high-frequency activity (HFA) (100 Hz) and reduction in system complexity.HFAis generated by the firing of neurons, mainly pyramidal cells, at much lower frequencies. Individual cycles ofHFAare generated by the near-synchronous (within 5 ms) firing of small numbers of pyramidal cells. The presence of HFA in the low-calcium model implicates nonsynaptic synchronization; the presence of very similar HFA in the high-potassium model shows that it does not depend on an absence of synaptic transmission. Immediately before seizure onset, CA1 is in a state of high sensitivity in which weak depolarizing or synchronizing perturbations can trigger seizures. Transition to seizure is haracterized by a rapid expansion and fusion of the neuronal populations responsible for HFA, associated with a progressive slowing of HFA, leading to a single, massive, hypersynchronous cluster generating the high-amplitude low-frequency activity of the seizure